Tagged: “Dr. Robert Enright”

As a follow-up to my question on filial piety, do you think that when adult children forgive parents for harsh parenting when the adult child was young, the forgiving on the part of the adult child is false forgiveness?  In other words, the adult child forces herself to forgive, and so it is not really sincere.  What do you think?

If the adult child is pressured by others to forgive the parents, then this could result in a superficial forgiveness, or what you call false forgiveness.  Yet, given that many who practice filial piety would not think of forgiving the parents as a usual approach, then the forgiving likely may be thoughtful and based on a free-will choice.  If this is the case, then the forgiving probably is genuine.

In my culture, it is considered improper for adult children to criticize parents for stern discipline when the child was young.  Would you call this a form of rigid psychological repression or suppression on the part of the adult children, in which case this norm of not criticizing is unhealthy?

You seem to be referring to the theme of “filial piety, ” a norm in some cultures.  Filial piety urges the children, even as adults, to respect the parents.  In my experience talking with university students who grew up with filial piety, some of them come to realize that stern discipline by the parents was necessary because of the misbehavior of the university student as a child.  Yet, when this is not the case, and parents were overly harsh, I think it is fine to balance both forgiveness and filial piety.  In other words, you can come to a rational conclusion that the parents were overly harsh, forgive for this, and remain respectful toward the parents now.  In other words, forgiveness and filial piety can grow up together.  The adult child acknowledges harsh treatment by the parent and so forgives, and at the same time, remains respectful to the parents because they are the parents.

Dr. Robert Enright and IFI colleagues featured in recent edition of APA Journal

Image by Pixabay, Pexels.com

Robert Enright was the special issue editor for the first issue of 2025 in the American Psychological Association’s Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology. His colleagues and he published the centerpiece article on what they call the “definitional drift” in how researchers understand the moral construct of forgiveness.  There are at least eight different definitions of forgiveness in the published literature, most of which are philosophically incorrect. The central article was followed by commentaries from three philosophers and three psychologists and a final comment by Robert Enright, Jichan Kim, and Jacqueline Song.  The centerpiece and final article of the special issue are these:

Song, J., Enright, R.D., & Kim, J. (2025). Definitional drift within the science of forgiveness: The dangers of avoiding philosophical analyses. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 45(1), 3-24. Note: This is the centerpiece article for a special issue on the definition of forgiveness within psychology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000278

Enright, R.D., Kim, J., & Song, J. (2025). Our hope that definitional drift in forgiveness will cease from drifting: Our comments on the six commentaries.  Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 45(1), 65-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000306

Dr. Enright Gives Keynote Address at Restorative Justice Conference

Dr. Robert Enright

Dr. Robert Enright gave the keynote address at the national restorative justice conference, Embracing the Circle Conference, at Stranmillis University College, Belfast, Northern Ireland, on February 5, 2025.  The address was entitled Developing teachers and students as transmitters of forgiveness.  One of his main points is that restorative justice primarily is centered on dialogue. Yet, if students or adults are dialoguing with resentment in the heart, then the conversation likely will be less effective than when people have forgiving and, therefore, compassionate hearts.  In other words, people can be civil when they are face-to-face at a peace table, but if there is deep anger in the heart, this can fester once those who are dialoguing leave the table.  He encouraged those who emphasize restorative justice to consider changing hearts prior to meeting for dialogue.  That conversation might bear more fruit between and among people.

I am a university student who will be conducting research in the future. I am quite interested in whether there are studies of forgiveness interventions done with children. If so, where can I find some of these resources?

Yes, there has been extensive research on forgiveness education for children and adolescents. An extensive literature review across 10 different world cultures was published, showing that as students learn about forgiveness, they tend to increase their forgiveness of those who hurt them and decrease their anger.

Here is a reference to that journal article, which is in open access:

Rapp, H., Wang Xu, J., & Enright, R.D. (2022). A meta-analysis of forgiveness education interventions’ effects on forgiveness and anger in children and adolescents. Child Development, 93, 1249-1269. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13771

Here is an essay about the importance of introducing forgiveness education to students who live in conflict zones of the world:

Renewing War-Torn Communities Through Forgiveness Education, April 20, 2017