Tagged: “Enright Forgiveness Process Model”

Would you say it is forgiveness if I wish the person well but now want nothing to do with this person?  I actually want to avoid this person at all costs.

There is distinction between forgiving (doing your best to be good to the one who was not good to you) and reconciling (which takes trust).  If your trust has been damaged by the other person’s behavior, then you can forgive and not reconcile.  The fact that you are wishing the other person well is a sign that you have forgiven or are in the process of forgiving.  This wishing the other well is a sign of your being good to the other even if this is from a distance.

If I make a decision to forgive, is that sufficient to actually forgive?

We did a study in which we asked some of the participants to go only to our Decision Phase of forgiveness.  We asked other participants to advance through our entire Process Model of Forgiveness, which includes the Work and Discovery Phases.  Those who stopped at the Decision Phase did not achieve the same psychological benefits as those who went through the entire forgiveness program.  This was expected because to decide to forgive is not the same as exercising the moral virtue of forgiveness in its entirety.  Here is the reference to that research:

Al-Mabuk, R., Enright, R. D., & Cardis, P. (1995).  Forgiveness education with parentally love-deprived college students. Journal of Moral Education, 24, 427-444.

If a person denies the injustice that happened to him, is it possible for the trauma to continue to exist in his subconscious?  Could this be what is the root of some people’s depression?

When a person is in denial from a serious injustice, then the effects of that injustice can still very much live within the person.  As you say, there may be a subconscious acknowledgement of the trauma which can increase anger.  The effects of the trauma also can include fatigue, feeling unsafe, and displacing anger onto other people.  These effects of the trauma can work in the person’s favor in this way: The person likely will be able to see and acknowledge at least some of these effects such as fatigue and anxiety.  These discomforts can open up discussion about the causes of them, which eventually can lead back to a conscious (rather than a subconscious) acknowledgement of the trauma.  Once the person acknowledges the trauma, then a discussion of forgiving the other person for that trauma might commence.

How can I be assured that, if I forgive, I will no longer experience negative emotions such as anger?

Forgiving others who acted unjustly does not automatically end negative feelings.  Our research shows that anger and other negative emotions can lessen, even in a strong way, but the negative emotions can resurface.  For example, you might have a dream about the person and you awaken with anger.  Yet, I have found that as people forgive, the anger reduces and becomes more manageable.  So, you should expect some relief from intensive anger, but because we are all imperfect people, some residual negative emotions may be present, at least at times.

When I do the forgiveness work, I try to take what you call the personal perspective of the one who hurt me.  Yet, how much of this work must be factual rather than speculative? 

As you say, we ask people who forgive to take what I call the personal, global, and cosmic perspectives.  The personal perspective deals with facts, to the best of your ability to gather those facts about how the other person was raised and the challenges faced in life.  If you have no knowledge of the other person’s past, then I recommend that you move to the global perspective in which you begin to see the common humanity that both of you share.  You do not need to know precise details of that person’s history to know that you both: 1) have unique DNA, making both of you special and unique; 2) must have adequate nutrition to be healthy; 3) will bleed if cut; and, as one more example, 4) will both die someday.  Seeing your common humanity may aid you in softening your heart toward the person, not because of what happened, but in spite of this.